Historia De Los Árboles De Navidad

Cómo empezó todo
Mucho antes de la llegada del cristianismo, las plantas y los árboles que permanecieron verdes durante todo el año tuvieron un significado especial para las personas en el invierno. Así como las personas hoy en día decoran sus casas durante la temporada festiva con pinos y abetos, los pueblos antiguos colgaban ramas de hoja perenne sobre sus puertas y ventanas. En muchos países se creía que los árboles de hoja perenne mantendrían alejados a las brujas, fantasmas, espíritus malignos y enfermedades.

Christmas tree – arbol de navidad

En el hemisferio norte, el día más corto y la noche más larga del año cae el 21 de diciembre o el 22 de diciembre y se llama solsticio de invierno. Muchas personas antiguas creían que el sol era un dios y que el invierno llegaba cada año porque el dios del sol se había enfermado y debilitado. Celebraron el solsticio porque significaba que por fin el dios sol comenzaría a ponerse bien. Las ramas de hoja perenne les recordaban a todas las plantas verdes que crecerían nuevamente cuando el dios del sol fuera fuerte y el verano volviera.

Los antiguos egipcios adoraban a un dios llamado Ra, que tenía la cabeza de un halcón y llevaba el sol como un disco ardiente en su corona. En el solsticio, cuando Ra comenzó a recuperarse de la enfermedad, los egipcios llenaron sus hogares con juncos de palma verde que simbolizaban para ellos el triunfo de la vida sobre la muerte.

Los primeros romanos marcaron el solsticio con una fiesta llamada Saturnalia en honor a Saturno, el dios de la agricultura. Los romanos sabían que el solsticio significaba que pronto las granjas y los huertos serían verdes y fructíferos. Para celebrar la ocasión, decoraron sus casas y templos con ramas de hoja perenne. En el norte de Europa, los misteriosos druidas, sacerdotes de los antiguos celtas, también decoraron sus templos con ramas de hoja perenne como símbolo de la vida eterna. Los feroces vikingos en Escandinavia pensaban que los árboles de hoja perenne eran la planta especial del dios del sol, Balder.

Se le atribuye a Alemania el inicio de la tradición de árboles de Navidad como lo conocemos ahora en el siglo XVI cuando los cristianos devotos trajeron árboles decorados a sus hogares. Algunos construyeron pirámides navideñas de madera y las decoraron con árboles de hoja perenne y velas si la madera escaseaba. Es una creencia generalizada de que Martín Lutero, el reformador protestante del siglo XVI, primero añadió velas encendidas a un árbol. Caminando hacia su casa una noche de invierno, escribiendo un sermón, se sintió impresionado por el brillo de las estrellas que parpadeaban entre los árboles de hoja perenne. Para recapturar la escena para su familia, erigió un árbol en la sala principal y unió sus ramas con velas encendidas.

Otra leyenda dice que a principios del siglo XVI, las personas en Alemania combinaban dos costumbres que se habían practicado en diferentes países de todo el mundo. El árbol del Paraíso (un abeto decorado con manzanas) representaba el Árbol del Conocimiento en el Jardín del Edén. La Luz de Navidad, un pequeño marco piramidal, generalmente decorado con bolas de cristal, oropel y una vela en la parte superior, era un símbolo del nacimiento de Cristo como la Luz del Mundo. Cambiando las manzanas del árbol a bolas de oropel y galletas; y combinando este nuevo árbol con la Luz colocada en la parte superior, los alemanes crearon el árbol que muchos de nosotros conocemos ahora.

Hoy en día, el Tannenbaum (árbol de Navidad) está tradicionalmente decorado en secreto por la madre del hogar, con luces, oropel y adornos.  Se ilumina y revela en la Nochebuena con galletas, nueces y regalos debajo de sus ramas.

La mayoría de los estadounidenses del siglo XIX consideraban extraños los árboles de Navidad. El primer registro de uno en exhibición fue en la década de 1830 por los colonos alemanes de Pensilvania, aunque los árboles habían sido una tradición en muchas casas alemanas mucho antes. Los asentamientos alemanes de Pensilvania tenían árboles comunitarios desde 1747. Pero, hasta los años 1840, los árboles de Navidad se consideraban símbolos paganos y no eran aceptados por la mayoría de los estadounidenses.

No es sorprendente que, como muchas otras costumbres navideñas festivas, el árbol fuera adoptado tan tarde en Estados Unidos. Para los puritanos de Nueva Inglaterra, la Navidad era sagrada. El segundo gobernador de los peregrinos, William Bradford, escribió que trató duramente de eliminar la “burla pagana” de la celebración, penalizando cualquier frivolidad. El influyente Oliver Cromwell predicó en contra de “las tradiciones paganas” de los villancicos, los árboles decorados y cualquier expresión alegre que profanó “ese evento sagrado”. En 1659, el Tribunal General de Massachusetts promulgó una ley que establece cualquier observancia del 25 de diciembre (aparte de un servicio de iglesia) una ofensa penal; Las personas fueron multadas por colgar decoraciones. Esa severa solemnidad continuó hasta el siglo XIX, cuando la afluencia de inmigrantes alemanes e irlandeses socavó el legado puritano.

En 1846, la realeza popular, la reina Victoria y su príncipe alemán, Albert, fueron dibujados en el Illustrated London News de pie junto a sus hijos alrededor de un árbol de Navidad. A diferencia de la familia real anterior, Victoria era muy popular entre sus súbditos, y lo que se hizo en la corte se puso de moda de inmediato, no solo en Gran Bretaña, sino también en la Sociedad Americana de la Costa Este, consciente de la moda. El árbol de navidad había llegado.

En la década de 1890, los adornos navideños llegaban de Alemania y la popularidad de los árboles de Navidad estaba aumentando alrededor de los EE. UU. Se observó que los europeos utilizaban pequeños árboles de aproximadamente cuatro pies de altura, mientras que a los estadounidenses les gustaba que sus árboles de Navidad alcanzaran desde el piso hasta el techo.

A principios del siglo XX, los estadounidenses decoraban sus árboles principalmente con adornos caseros, mientras que la secta germano-estadounidense seguía usando manzanas, nueces y galletas de mazapán. Las palomitas de maíz se unieron después de teñirse con colores brillantes y se entrelazaron con bayas y nueces. La electricidad produjo luces de Navidad, lo que hizo posible que los árboles de Navidad brillaran durante días y días. Con esto, los árboles de Navidad comenzaron a aparecer en las plazas de las ciudades de todo el país y tener un árbol de Navidad en el hogar se convirtió en una tradición estadounidense.

Árbol de navidad dl Rockefeller Center
El árbol del Rockefeller Center está ubicado en el Rockefeller Center, al oeste de la Quinta Avenida, desde las calles 47 a 51 en la ciudad de Nueva York.

El árbol de Navidad del Rockefeller Center se remonta a los días de la era de la depresión. El árbol más alto que se exhibió en el Rockefeller Center llegó en 1948 y era un abeto noruego que medía 100 pies de altura y provenía de Killingworth, Connecticut.

El primer árbol en el Rockefeller Center se colocó en 1931. Era un pequeño árbol sin adornos colocado por los trabajadores de la construcción en el centro del sitio de construcción. Dos años después, otro árbol fue colocado allí, esta vez con luces. En estos días, el árbol gigante del Rockefeller Center está lleno de más de 25,000 luces navideñas.

México
En la mayoría de los hogares mexicanos, el principal adorno navideño es el árbol de Navidad decorado. Sin embargo, se puede incorporar el Nacimiento debajo del árbol o instalarse en otro lugar del hogar. La compra de un pino natural representa un producto de lujo para la mayoría de las familias mexicanas, el arbolito es a menudo artificial, una rama cortada de un árbol de copal (Bursera microphylla).

¿Cual es la tradición del arbol de navidad en tu país? ¡Cuentanos en los comentarios!

Fuente: History CH, Wickipedia

Traducción: CHTV

Referencias:

1.  Perry, Joe (27 September 2010). Christmas in Germany: A Cultural History. University of North Carolina Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780807899410. A chronicle from Stasbourg, written in 1604 and widely seen as the first account of a Christmas tree in German-speaking lands, records that Protestant artisans brought fir trees into their homes in the holiday season and decorated them with “roses made of colored paper, apples, wafers, tinsel, sweetmeats, etc.” … The Christmas tree spread out in German society from the top down, so to speak. It moved from elite households to broader social strata, from urban to rural areas, from the Protestant north to the Catholic south, and from Prussia to other German states.
2. ^ Christmas trees were hung in St. George’s Church, Sélestat since 1521:Selestat.fr – Office de la Culture de Sélestat – The history of the Christmas tree since 1521Archived December 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
3. ^ Dunphy, John J. (26 November 2010). From Christmas to Twelfth Night in Southern Illinois. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. p. 28. ISBN 9781614232537. Having a Christmas tree became so closely identified with following Luther’s path that German Catholics initially wanted nothing to do with this symbol of Protestantism. Their resistance endured until the nineteenth century, when Christmas trees finally began finding their way into Catholic homes.
4. ^ Ingeborg Weber-Kellermann (1978). Das Weihnachtsfest. Eine Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit [Christmas: A cultural and social history of Christmastide] (in German). Bucher. p. 22. ISBN 3-7658-0273-5. Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind. (English: One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting, together with the Christmas tree, crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes.)
5. ^ Jump up to:^a b Mandryk, DeeAnn (25 October 2005). Canadian Christmas Traditions. James Lorimer & Company. p. 67. ISBN 9781554390984. The eight-pointed star became a popular manufactured Christmas ornament around the 1840s and many people place a star on the top of their Christmas tree to represent the Star of Bethlehem.
6. ^ Jump up to:^a b Jones, David Albert (27 October 2011). Angels. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780191614910. The same ambiguity is seen in that most familiar of angels, the angel on top of the Christmas tree. This decoration, popularized in the nineteenth century, recalls the place of the angels in the Christmas story (Luke 2.9–18).
7. ^ Jump up to:^a b Crump, William D. (15 September 2001). The Christmas Encyclopedia, 3d ed. McFarland. p. 386. ISBN 9780786468270. Christmas trees in the countryside did not appear until World War I, although Slovenians of German ancestry were decorating trees before then. Traditionally, the family decorates their Christmas tree on Christmas Eve with electric lights, tinsel, garlands, candy canes, other assorted ornaments, and topped with an angel figure or star. The tree and Nativity scene remain until Candlemas (February 2), when they are removed.
8. ^ “Candlemas”. British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night (January 5th) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down.
9. ^ Daniel J. Foley (1999). The Christmas Tree. Omnigraphics. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-55888-286-7.
10. ^ Jump up to:^a b Greg Dues (2008). Advent and Christmas. Bayard. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-1-58595-722-4. Next to the Nativity scene, the most popular Christmas tradition is to have a Christmas tree in the home. This custom is not the same as bringing a Yule tree or evergreens into the home, originally popular during the month of the winter solstice in Germany.
11. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sheryl Karas (1998). The Solstice Evergreen: history, folklore, and origins of the Christmas tree. Aslan. pp. 103–04. ISBN 978-0-944031-75-9.
12. ^ Gillian Cooke, A Celebration of Christmas, 1980, page 62: “Martin Luther has been credited with the creation of the Christmas tree. … The Christmas tree did not spring fully fledged into … tree was slow to spread from its Alsatian home, partly because of resistance to its supposed Lutheran origins.”
13. ^ “Christmas tree”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
14. ^ Jump up to:^a b “BBC Religion & Ethics – Did the Romans invent Christmas?”. Archived from the original on 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
15. ^ Fritz Allhoff, Scott C. Lowe (2010). Christmas. John Wiley & Sons. His biographer, Eddius Stephanus, relates that while Boniface was serving as a missionary near Geismar, Germany, he had enough of the locals’ reverence for the old gods. Taking an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Norse god Thor, Boniface chopped the tree down and dared Thor to zap him for it. When nothing happened, Boniface pointed out a young fir tree amid the roots of the oak and explained how this tree was a more fitting object of reverence as it pointed towards the Christian heaven and its triangular shape was reminiscent of the Christian trinity.
16. ^ The story, not recounted in the vitae written in his time, appears in a BBC Devon website, “Devon Myths and Legends”, and in a number of educational storybooks, including St. Boniface and the Little Fir Tree: A Story to Color by Jenny Melmoth and Val Hayward (Warrington: Alfresco Books 1999 ISBN 1-873727-15-1), The Brightest Star of All: Christmas Stories for the Family by Carrie Papa (Abingdon Press 1999 ISBN 978-0-687-64813-9) and “How Saint Boniface Kept Christmas Eve” by Mary Louise Harvey in The American Normal Readers: Fifth Book, 207-22. Silver, Burdett and Co. 1912.
17. ^ Philip Lazowski (2004). Understanding Your Neighbor’s Faith. KTAV Publishing House. pp. 203–04. ISBN 978-0-88125-811-0.
18. ^ Michael P. Foley (2005). Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday?. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4039-6967-5.
19. ^ Ann Ball (1997). Catholic Traditions in Crafts. Our Sunday Visitor. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-87973-711-5.
20. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2003. The modern Christmas tree … originated in western Germany. The main prop of a popular medieval play about Adam and Eve was a fir tree hung with apples (paradise tree) representing the Garden of Eden. The Germans set up a paradise tree in their homes on December 24, the religious feast day of Adam and Eve. They hung wafers on it (symbolizing the host, the Christian sign of redemption); in a later tradition, the wafers were replaced by cookies of various shapes. Candles, too, were often added as the symbol of Christ. In the same room, during the Christmas season, was the Christmas pyramid, a triangular construction of wood, with shelves to hold Christmas figurines, decorated with evergreens, candles, and a star. By the 16th century, the Christmas pyramid and paradise tree had merged, becoming the Christmas tree.
21. ^ Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (National Library of Portugal) – Codices Alcobacenses([1] Archived 2013-02-21 at the Wayback Machine. ); [BN: cod. alc. CLI / 64, Page. 330] Translated (“Nota de como has de poer o ramo de natal, scilicet: Em vespera de natal, buscarás huu grande Ramo de loureiro verde, e colherás muitas laranjas vermelhas e poer lhas has metidas pelos ramos que dele procedem specificadamente segundo já viste. E em cada hua laranja, poeras hua candea. E pendurarás o dicto Ramo per hua corda na polee que ha de star acerca da lampada do altar moor“)
22. ^ “History of Christmas Trees”. History. Archived from the original on 2012-12-25. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
23. ^ Helen Haidle (2002). Christmas Legends to Remember’. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-56292-534-5.
24. ^ Debbie Trafton O’Neal, David LaRochelle (2001). Before and After Christmas. Augsburg Fortress. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8066-4156-0.^{[permanent dead link]}
25. ^ Ehrsam, Roger (1999). Le Vieux Turckheim. Ville de Turckheim: Jérôme Do Bentzinger. ISBN 290623883X.
26. ^ Friedrich Amelung (1885). Geschichte der Revaler Schwarzenhäupter: von ihrem Ursprung an bis auf die Gegenwart: nach den urkundenmäßigen Quellen des Revaler Schwarzenhäupter-Archivs 1, Die erste Blütezeit von 1399–1557 [History of the Tallinn Blackheads: from their origins until the present day: from the testimonial sources of the Tallinn Blackheads archive. 1: The first golden age of 1399–1557] (in German). Reval: Wassermann.
27. ^ Ingeborg Weber-Kellermann (1978). Das Weihnachtsfest. Eine Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit [Christmas: A cultural and social history of Christmastide] (in German). Bucher. p. 22. ISBN 3-7658-0273-5. Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind. (English: One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting, together with the Christmas tree, crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes.)
28. ^ Johannes Marbach (1859). Die heilige Weihnachtszeit nach Bedeutung, Geschichte, Sitten und Symbolen [The holy Christmas season for meaning, history, customs and symbols] (in German). p. 416. Was ist auch eine deutsche Christenfamilie am Christabend ohne Christbäumchen? Zumal in der Fremde, unter kaltherzigen Engländern und frivolen Franzosen, unter den amerikanischen Indianern und den Papuas von Australien. Entbehren doch die nichtdeutschen Christen neben dem Christbäumchen noch so viele Züge deutscher Gemüthlichkeit. (English: What would a German Christian family do on Christmas Eve without a Christmas tree? Especially in foreign lands, among cold-hearted Englishmen and frivolous Frenchmen, among the American Indians and the Papua of Australia. Apart from the Christmas tree, the non-German Christians suffer from a lack of a great many traits of German ‘Gemütlichkeit’.)
29. ^ Jan Hermelink (2003). “Weihnachtsgottesdienst” [Christmas worship]. In Christian Grethlein; Günter Ruddat. Liturgisches Kompendium (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 290. ISBN 978-3-525-57211-5.
30. ^ “Danmarks første juletræ blev tændt i 1808”. Kristelig Dagblad. December 17, 2008. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013.
31. ^ Bingham, John (25 December 2015). “Queen’s Christmas Day message: Monarch quotes from Bible to address a nation shaken by year of atrocities”. telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
32. ^ Stow, John (1603). Survey of London. London: John Windet. Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2017-01-03. Against the feast of Christmas every man’s house, as also the parish churches, were decked with holm, ivy, bays, and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green.
33. ^ “The History of the Christmas Tree at Windsor”. Archived from the original on 2011-12-24. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
34. ^ In 1829 the diarist Greville, visiting Panshanger country house, describes three small Christmas trees “such as is customary in Germany”, which Princess Lieven had put up. Hole, Christine (1950). English Custom and Usage. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd. p. 16.
35. ^ Queen Victoria (1912). Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher, ed. The girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty’s diaries. J. Murray. p. 61.
36. ^ Marie Claire Lejeune. Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe. Man & Culture. p. 550. ISBN 90-77135-04-9.
37. ^ “GERMAN CHRISTMAS TREES. The nobility and gentry are respectfully informed that these handsome JUVENILE CHRISTMAS PRESENTS are supplied and elegantly fitted up…”:Times [London, England] 20 December 1842, p. 1.
38. ^ The Christmas Tree: published by Darton and Clark, London. “The ceremony of the Christmas tree, so well known throughout Germany, bids fair to be welcomed among us, with the other festivities of the season, especially now the Queen, within her own little circle, has set the fashion, by introducing it on the Christmas Eve in her own regal palace.” Book review of The Christmas Tree from the Weekly Chronicle, 14 December 1844, quoted in an advert headlined “A new pleasure for Christmas” in The Times, 23 December 1844, p. 8.
39. ^ Caroline Augusta Edgcumbe, née Feilding, Lady Mt Edgcumbe (1808–1881); William Henry Fox-Talbot’s half-sister.
40. ^ Correspondence of William Henry Fox-Talbot, British Library, London, Manuscripts – Fox Talbot Collection, envelope 20179 [2].
41. ^ Godfrey and Margaret Scheele (1977). The Prince Consort, Man of many Facets: The World and The Age of Prince Albert. Oresko Books. p. 78. ISBN 9780905368061.
42. ^ At the beginning of the year the custom was well-enough known for The Times to compare the January budget of 1848 with gifts handed out beneath “the Christmas tree”: The Times (London, England), 21 January 1848, p. 4.
43. ^ Special Christmas supplement edition, published 23 December 1848.
44. ^ The Times (London, England), 27 December 1848. p. 7
45. ^ “Now the best Christmas box / You can give to the young / Is not toys, nor fine playthings, / Nor trees gaily hung…”: Manchester Guardian, Saturday, January 05, 1856, p. 6.
46. ^ Manchester Guardian, 24 January 1856, p. 3: the death of Caroline Luttrell of Kilve Court, Somerset.
47. ^ The Times (London, England), 28 December 1858, p. 8.
48. ^ The Poor Children’s Yuletide Association. The Times (London, England), 20 December 1906, p. 2″ “The association sent 71 trees ‘bearing thousands of toys’ to the poorest districts of London.”
49. ^ “A Merry Christmas”: The Times (London, England), 27 December 1918, p. 2: “…the so-called “Christmas tree” was out of favour. Large stocks of young firs were to be seen at Covent Garden on Christmas Eve, but found few buyers. It was remembered that the ‘Christmas tree’ has enemy associations.”
50. ^ The next year a charity fair in aid of injured soldiers featured ‘a huge Christmas-tree’. ‘St. Dunstan’s Christmas Fair’. The Times (London, England), 20 December 1919, p. 9.
51. ^ ‘Poor families in Lewisham and similar districts are just as particular about the shape of their trees as people in Belgravia…’ ‘Shapely Christmas Trees’: The Times (London, England), 17 December 1926, p. 11.
52. ^ Christmas Tree Plantations. The Times (London, England), 11 December 1937, p. 11.
53. ^ “Christmas tree grower Ivor Dungey gets award”. BBC News. Archived from the original on 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
54. ^ Emmy E. Werner (2006). In Pursuit of Liberty: Coming of Age in the American Revolution. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 115. ISBN 9780275993061.
55. ^ Jump up to:^a b Alfred Lewis Shoemaker (1999) [1959]. Christmas in Pennsylvania: a folk-cultural study. Stackpole Books. pp. 52–53. ISBN 0-8117-0328-2.
56. ^ Karal Ann Marling (2000). Merry Christmas! Celebrating America’s greatest holiday. Harvard University Press. p. 244. ISBN 0-674-00318-7.
57. ^ Joseph Wenzel IV (30 November 2015). “First Decorated Christmas Tree in Windsor Locks”. WFSB. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
58. ^ “The History of Christmas”. Gareth Marples. Archived from the original on 2006-06-28. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
59. ^ “Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England”. Harvard University Gazette. December 12, 1996. Archived from the original on August 23, 1999. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
60. ^ “They’re Still Cheering Man Who Gave America Christmas Tree”. Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune. 24 December 1938. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
61. ^ “Charles Minnigerode (1814–1894)”. Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Archived from the original on 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2009-12-11.
62. ^ ‘Notes and Queries’, volume 8 (217), 24 December 1853, p.615
63. ^ “A Brief History of Electric Christmas Lighting in America”. oldchristmastreelights.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2014-12-19.
64. ^ “Santa Claus”. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
65. ^ “1 мая собираются праздновать 59% россиян” [May 1 going to celebrate 59% of Russians] (in Russian). April 27, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-11-01. Retrieved December 2, 2012. New Year is among the most important holidays for 81% of Russians, while Christmas is such only for 19%, ranking after Victory Day, Easter, International Women’s Day.
66. ^ Belk, Russell (2000). “Materialism and the Modern U.S. Christmas”. Advertising & Society Review. Archived from the original on 2014-05-06. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
67. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Lighting of the National Christmas Tree”. National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
68. ^ “Flashback Blog: The World’s Largest Decorated Christmas Tree”. The Palm Beach Post. December 3, 2009. Archived from the original on December 5, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
69. ^ ‘Manchester’s Gift To Lille..(FROM G. WARD PRICE.)’ The Times (London, England),21 December 1918, p.7
70. ^ “Town twinning: Bergen, Norway”. Newcastle City Council. Archived from the originalon 2007-04-25.
71. ^ “DC: Christmas Tree Lighting at Union Station”. Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
72. ^ Weaver Jr., J. Dudley (2002). Presbyterian Worship: A Guide for Clergy. Geneva Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780664502188.
73. ^ Segler, Franklin M.; Bradley, Randall (1 October 2006). Christian Worship: Its Theology and Practice, Third Edition. B&H Publishing Group. p. 222. A Chrismon tree is an evergreen tree adorned with symbols of Christ. The symbols are white and gold, and the three has white lights.
74. ^ Morris-Pierce, Elizabeth; Berger, Stephen A.; Dreher, Eulonda A.; Russel W. Dalton; D. Andrew Richardson; Jeanne Mueller; Judith Hale Wood; Ellen Edgar; James Edgar (1 January 2002). In Search of Christmas. CSS Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 9780788019166. Chrismons were first used in 1957 to decorate a Christmas tree in the Lutheran Church of the Ascension in Danville, Virginia.
75. ^ Crump, William D. (15 September 2001). The Christmas Encyclopedia, 3d ed. McFarland. p. 71. ISBN 9780786468270. Over time, the popularity of the Chrismons tree grew and spread to other denominations around the world, while Chrismons themselves have become meaningful decorations throughout the year.
76. ^ “Chrismon Tree”. St. John’s Anglican Church. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014. A number of ladies of St. John’s have been hard at work producing beautiful Chrismons (Christian Monograms) out of wire and beads to decorate a “Chrismon Tree” that will be put up and dedicated on the First Sunday in Advent
77. ^ Glavich, Mary Kathleen (2010). Leading Young Catholics Into Scripture. Twenty-Third Publications. p. 36. ISBN 9781585958009. A parallel Advent activity is the more recent custom of making a Chrismon tree (Christ + monogram). The Chrismon tree bears symbols of Jesus from the New Testament. While the children hang their symbols, related Scripture texts might be read. Possible figures for the Chrismon tree are Mary, Joseph, the star, manger, shepherd, angel, sheep, three kings, gifts, fish, dove, grapes, wheat, vine, crown, rock, alpha and omega symbols, Chi-Rho, anchor, and cross. The symbols are usually white and gold.
78. ^ First United Methodist Church, Midland, Texas: Offering Christ, 1885–1985: One Hundred Years on Main Street in Downtown Midland. Taylor Publishing Company. 1985.
79. ^ “Advent & Christmas at BRC”. Brunswick Reformed Church. Archived from the original on 2014-12-06. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
80. ^ so in The Lutheran Witness, Volume 83 (1964), p. 548 “the Chrismon (from CHRISt-MONogram) tree”, and in James Edgar, Ellen Edgar, A Chrismon Service (1981), p. 2. The word’s actual etymology, from Middle Latin (Landulf of Milan, 12th century) crismon, is less than clear: George Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers, The riddle of the ‘Labarum’ and the origin of Christian symbols, Allen & Unwin, 1966, p. 28; “I can find no roots, etymology or grounds for the adoption of the word adopted by some Christians, ‘Chrismon’, which is supposed to mean the ‘Monogram of Christ’, and which appears in some dictionaries (i.e. Funk and Wagnalis, 1922).”
81. ^ Stookey, Laurence Hull (1 December 2011). Calendar: Christ’s Time for the Church. Abingdon Press. p. 107. ISBN 9781426728044. Beyond that the term “Chrismon” is used loosely to refer to symbols related to Christ, including the orb, crown, fish, star, anchor, and a wide variety of forms on the cross. All of these, often made in materials of gold and white, are used on a pine or fir tree in place of the more usual multicolored ornaments used on trees at home. Lights are also usually of clear glass rather than being colored.
82. ^ Peter Mazar (2000). School Year, Church Year: Customs and Decorations for the Classroom. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 161. ISBN 1568542402.
83. ^ “Customs of the Weeks after Epiphany”. Holy Trinity (German) Catholic Church, Boston. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
84. ^ “Christmas Superstitions”. Snopes.com. December 2006.
85. ^ Gary A. Chastagner and D. Michael Benson (2000). “The Christmas Tree”. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2006.
86. ^ Yanofsky, David (21 December 2017). “What the Christmas tree industrial complex looks like from space”. Quartz. Archived from the original on 2017-12-24. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
87. ^ Skerritt, Jen (2018-11-13). “Millennials Are Giving American Tree Growers a Green Christmas”. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
88. ^ “Living Christmas Trees”. Clemson University. Archived from the original on 2010-06-06. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
89. ^ “Christmas tree”. Department of Forestry, Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012.
90. ^ “BLM and Forest Service Christmas tree permits available”. Bureau of Land Management. November 30, 2004. Archived from the original on 2014-01-14. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
91. ^ “2007 Census of Agriculture: Specialty Crops (Volume 2, Subject Series, Part 8)”(PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. November 2009. Table 1, page 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
92. ^ “Unsere kleine Baumschule — Wissenswertes” [Our little nursery: Trivia] (in German). 2010. Archived from the original on November 25, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
93. ^ Jump up to:^a b Bruce David Forbes (2007). Christmas: A Candid History. University of California Press. pp. 121–22. ISBN 0-5202-5104-0.
94. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} James Hewitt (2007). The Christmas Tree. Lulu.com. pp. 33–36. ISBN 1430308206.
95. ^ Jump up to:^a b Broderick Perkins (December 12, 2003). “Faux Christmas Tree Crop Yields Special Concerns”. Realty Times. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
96. ^ Elizabeth Silverthorne (1994). Christmas in Texas. Texas A&M University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8909-6578-1.
97. ^ Karal Ann Marling (2000). Merry Christmas!: Celebrating America’s Greatest Holiday. Harvard University Press. pp. 58–62. ISBN 0-674-00318-7.
98. ^ Peter Cole (2002). Christmas Trees: Fun and Festive Ideas. Chronicle Books. p. 23. ISBN 0-8118-3577-4.
99. ^ Cassandra A. Fortin (October 26, 2008). “It’s beginning to look a lot like Christmas (1958)”. The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
100. ^ Candice Gaukel Andrews (2006). Great Wisconsin Winter Weekends. Big Earth Publishing. p. 178. ISBN 1-9315-9971-8.
101. ^ Jennifer Berry (December 9, 2008). “Fake Christmas Trees Not So Green”. LiveScience. Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
102. ^ Katherine Neer (December 2006). “How Christmas Trees Work”. howStuffWorks. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
103. ^ “Table-top Christmas Tree”. Popular Mechanics: 117. January 1937.
104. ^ “Glass Christmas Tree, one-day course listing”. Diablo Glass School. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
105. ^ “Demand Grows for Upside Down Christmas Tree” (Audio). All Things Considered. NPR. November 9, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-12-18. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
106. ^ “Christmas Tree Safety”. About.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-07. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
107. ^ Jump up to:^a b Sharon Caskey Hayes (November 26, 2008). “Grower says real Christmas trees are better for environment than artificial ones”. Kingsport Times-News. Kingsport, Tennessee. Archived from the original on 2010-06-27. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
108. ^ “Christmas Tree Resource: Your Source On Xmas Decorations”. Christmas Tree Source. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
109. ^ “Facts on PVC Used in Artificial Christmas Trees”. American Christmas Tree Association. Archived from the original on December 29, 2008. Retrieved December 21,2008.
110. ^ “Goats, elk happy to munch on your used Christmas trees”. CBC News. Dec 29, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-12-31. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
111. ^ “Pesticides & Wildlife Christmas Trees”. ipm.ncsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
112. ^ “Engineer Update: Old Christmas trees protect town beach”. United States Army Corps of Engineers. March 2007. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007.
113. ^ “Christmas tree recycling begins Friday in Columbia County”. The Augusta Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2014-12-26. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
114. ^ “Recycling your tree can be a gift for environment”. Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 2014-12-26. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
115. ^ David Biello (December 4, 2008). “I’m Dreaming of a Green Christmas (Tree)” (podcasttranscript). Scientific American. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
116. ^ Jump up to:^a b “Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Christmas trees — A study ends the debate over which Christmas tree, natural or artificial, is most ecological”. Ellipsos Inc. December 16, 2008. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
117. ^ “Recycling Your Tree: Real Christmas Trees are Recyclable”. National Christmas Tree Association. Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
118. ^ Maas, R. P.; Patch, S. C.; Pandolfo, T. J. (2004). “Artificial Christmas trees: How real are the lead exposure risks?”. Journal of environmental health. 67 (5): 20–24, 32. PMID 15628192.. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
119. ^ Jump up to:^a b Levin, R.; Brown, M. J.; Kashtock, M. E.; et al. (2008). “Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention”. Environmental Health Perspectives. 116(10): 1285–1293. doi:10.1289/ehp.11241. PMC 2569084. PMID 18941567.. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
120. ^ Senn, Frank C. (2012). Introduction to Christian Liturgy. Fortress Press. p. 118. ISBN 9781451424331. The Christmas tree as we know it seemed to emerge in Lutheran lands in Germany in the sixteenth century. Although no specific city or town has been identified as the first to have a Christmas tree, records for the Cathedral of Strassburg indicate that a Christmas tree was set up in that church in 1539 during Martin Bucer’s superintendency.
121. ^ “The Christmas Tree”. Lutheran Spokesman. 29–32. 1936. The Christmas tree became a widespread custom among German Lutherans by the eighteenth century.
122. ^ Kelly, Joseph F. (2010). The Feast of Christmas. Liturgical Press. p. 94. ISBN 9780814639320. German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees.
123. ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (24 October 2013). A Short History of Christianity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 418. ISBN 9781442225909. Many Lutherans continued to set up a small fir tree as their Christmas tree, and it must have been a seasonal sight in Bach’s Leipzig at a time when it was virtually unknown in England, and little known in those farmlands of North America where Lutheran immigrants congregated.
124. ^ Wells, Dorothy (1897). “Christmas in Other Lands”. The School Journal. E.L. Kellogg & Company. 55: 697–8. Christmas is the occasional of family reunions. Grandmother always has the place of honor. As the time approaches for enjoying the tree, she gathers her grandchildren about her, to tell them the story of the Christ child, with the meaning of the Christ child, with the meaning of the Christmas tree; how the evergreen is meant to represent the life everlasting, the candle lights to recall the light of the world, and the star at the top of the tree is to remind them of the star of Bethlehem.
125. ^ Jennifer Eremeeva (15 Dec 2010). “And so, is this Christmas?”. Russia Beyond the Headlines. Archived from the original on 2015-10-15. Retrieved 2015-10-03. Russian Christians adhere to the Eastern Orthodox calendar, which lags 13 days behind the modern day calendar. This discrepancy was corrected in 1918, by the fledgling Bolshevik regime, but Christmas never reverted to December 25th in Russia, because the Bolsheviks began a systematic campaign to phase out traditional religious holidays and replace them with Soviet ones. Christmas was shifted to New Year’s Eve. At the beginning, stringent measures were put in place to see off any holdover of the old days: Christmas trees, introduced to Russia by Tsar Peter The Great in the 17th Century, were banned in 1916 by the Holy Synod as too German. The Bolsheviks kept the tree ban in place. Stalin declared Ded Moroz “an ally of the priest and kulak,” and outlawed him from Russia.
126. ^ Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. ISBN 9781860643972. A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could, in fact be the shortest in this collection: suffice it to say that there were, at least officially, no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917.
127. ^ Jump up to:^a b Echo of Islam. MIG. 1993. In the former Soviet Union, fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year’s day, following a tradition established by the officially atheist state.
128. ^ Ramet, Sabrina Petra (10 November 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780521022309. The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival. Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools. More such material followed in 1929, and a flood of it the next year. It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned—carnivals, farces, and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief. It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas (including Christmas trees) and Easter. Some schools, the League approvingly reported, staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month. Not teachers but the League’s local set the programme for this special occasion.
129. ^ Dice, Elizabeth A. (2009). Christmas and Hanukkah. Infobase Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 9781438119717. The Christmas tree, or Yolka, is another tradition that was banned during the Soviet era. To keep the custom alive, people decorated New Year’s trees instead.
130. ^ Margaret Stenhouse (December 22, 2010). “The Vatican Christmas Tree”. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
131. ^ “Pre-Christmas Reflection: May Our Spirits Open to the True Spiritual Light”. Zenit News Agency. December 21, 2005. Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
132. ^ “Christmas tree is symbol of Christ, says Pope — And a Sign of ‘Undying Life‘“. Zenit News Agency. December 19, 2004. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
133. ^ “Urbi et Orbi message of His Holiness Pope John Paul II, Christmas 2003″ (in Latin). December 25, 2003. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved December 19,2012.
134. ^ “Order for the Blessing of a Christmas Tree”. Crossroads Initiative. Archived from the original on 2012-12-30. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
135. ^ Kitch, Anne E. (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Morehouse Publishing. p. 125.
136. ^ “Boston’s ‘Holiday Tree’ Sparks Controversy”. The Harvard Crimson. November 28, 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
137. ^ “At Christmas, what’s in a name?”. ABC News. November 29, 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
138. ^ Vipperman, Heather F. “Chrismons Ministry”. History. Lutheran Church. Archivedfrom the original on 2014-12-05. Retrieved 27 November 2014.